Selenium exposure in subjects living in areas with high selenium concentrated drinking water: results of a French integrated exposure assessment survey.

BACKGROUND Selenium is an essential element which can be toxic if ingested in excessive quantities. The main human exposure is food. In addition, intake may be boosted by consumption drinking water containing unusual high selenium concentration. OBJECTIVE We measured the individual selenium level of people exposed to selenium concentration in drinking water greater than the maximum recommended limit which is 10 μg/L. METHODS We carried out a prospective cohort study on 80 adults (40 exposed subjects i.e. living in the involved area and 40 non-exposed ones i.e. living elsewhere) in western France. We used three different approaches: (1) direct measurement of ingested selenium by the duplicate portion method, (2) dietary reconstitution with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and (3) evaluation of the individual selenium status by measuring the selenium content in toenail clippings. Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The association between toenail selenium concentration and area of residence was analyzed using linear regression with repeated measurements. RESULTS We estimated selenium intake from FFQ at 64±14 μg/day for exposed subjects as opposed to 52±14 μg/day for the non-exposed ones. On the basis of 305 duplicate diet samples, average intake was estimated at 64±26 μg/day for exposed subjects. Area of residence (p=0.0030) and smoking (p=0.0054) were independently associated with toenail selenium concentration. CONCLUSION Whatever method used for estimating selenium intake, the selenium level in this studied area with high selenium concentrated drinking water is much lower than in seleniferous areas.